Definition: DC/DC switching regulators are power conversion circuits that efficiently convert one DC voltage level to another using switching elements (e.g., MOSFETs), energy storage components (inductors, capacitors), and control circuitry.

Common Topologies

• Buck (Step-Down): Outputs a lower voltage than input. High efficiency, widely used in processors, microcontrollers.
• Boost (Step-Up): Outputs a higher voltage than input. Used in battery-powered systems, LED drivers.
• Buck-Boost: Output can be higher or lower than input. Ideal for battery applications with varying voltage.
• Flyback/Forward: Isolated topologies using transformers. Common in AC/DC and isolated DC/DC supplies.

Key Components

• • Switching transistor (MOSFET)
• • Inductor
• • Diode or synchronous rectifier
• • Capacitor(s) – input/output filtering
• • PWM controller IC

Advantages

High efficiency (70–95%)
Wide input/output voltage ranges
Compact size with modern ICs

Disadvantages

Electromagnetic interference (EMI)
More complex design vs. linear regulators
Output ripple due to switching