Type: Temperature sensor

Principle: Seebeck effect – generates voltage proportional to temperature difference between two dissimilar metals.

Common Types:

• K (Chromel-Alumel) – Wide range, general purpose
• J (Iron-Constantan) – Limited range, high output
• T (Copper-Constantan) – Low temp, stable
• E (Chromel-Constantan) – High output
• N (Nicrosil-Nisil) – Stable at high temps
• R/S (Platinum-based) – High temp, lab use
• B (Platinum-Rhodium) – Very high temp

Voltage Output: Microvolts per °C (depends on type)

Measurement Range: -270°C to +1800°C (varies by type)

Signal Conditioning: Requires cold junction compensation and amplifier (e.g., instrumentation amp or dedicated IC like MAX6675, AD8495)

Applications: Industrial control, furnaces, engines, scientific instruments