NIC Components

NIC (Network Interface Controller) Components refer to the hardware elements involved in network connectivity on a device.

• MAC Controller: Handles data framing and MAC address management.
• PHY (Physical Layer) IC: Manages analog signaling over physical media (e.g., Ethernet).
• Magnetics/Transformer Module: Isolates signals and protects circuitry (integrated in RJ45 or external).
• RJ45 Jack: Standard connector for Ethernet cables.
• Crystal Oscillator: Provides clock signal for timing (e.g., 25 MHz for Ethernet PHY).
• Power Management: LDOs or DC-DC converters for clean power supply.
• EEPROM/Flash: Stores MAC address and configuration (if not integrated).

Note: Modern NICs often integrate MAC and PHY in a single chip (e.g., Microchip LAN8720, Realtek RTL8201).