Operation: Broadcasts data to all ports
Layer: Physical (Layer 1)
Traffic: Creates single collision domain
Duplex: Half-duplex only
Intelligence: None - simple signal repeater
Performance: Shared bandwidth among all devices
Operation: Directs data to specific destination
Layer: Data Link (Layer 2)
Traffic: Creates separate collision domains per port
Duplex: Full-duplex capability
Intelligence: Learns MAC addresses, builds CAM table
Performance: Dedicated bandwidth per connection
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