Purpose: Used to test, analyze, and measure signal characteristics in communication systems.

Common Types:

• Oscilloscope: Visualizes signal waveforms (time-domain).
• Spectrum Analyzer: Displays frequency spectrum of signals.
• Network Analyzer: Measures S-parameters; evaluates impedance and transmission characteristics.
• Signal Generator: Produces test signals (RF, audio, modulated).
• Power Meter: Measures RF power levels accurately.
• Cable & Antenna Analyzer: Tests VSWR, return loss, cable integrity.
• Bit Error Rate Tester (BERT): Evaluates digital communication link performance.

Key Parameters Measured:

Frequency, amplitude, modulation quality, SNR, phase noise, insertion loss, reflection coefficient.